To compare Japan's "Bullet Trains" or France's TGV with Amtrak is even worse than comparing apples and oranges. The only right of way that Amtrak owns is the Northeast Corridor from Washington DC to Boston, and the 125mph that the Acela Express is pretty damn good given the many curves along the route. That right of way dates from the early 1900's and the Pennsylvania RR [NY-DC] and the New Haven RR [NY-Boston].
Both the TGV and "Bullet Trains" have dedicated rights of way that are virtually straight lines with little or no curves. That allows the extremely high speeds that those trains are famous for. To try to "straighten" the NEC route is impossible, both fiscally and logistically.
I vaguely remember the privately owned passenger train, and yes, they were quite something to ride. Amtrak is doing the best they can with their financial situation. Amtrak never knows what its operating budget will be from one year to the next, because it depends on the whims of Congress to determine the budget. As a result, their equipment is somewhat dated and maintenance is often deferred. There is a solution, but it won't be implemented...fix Amtrak's budget at a given amount/gallon of the federal fuel tax. It can be 1/2 cent or 1 cent, or whatever. At that point, the executives at Amtrak would then have a predictable budget and they could begin to operate as a business.
The other part of the equation is that Amtrak is a tenant on the freight railroads. Freight takes a terrible toll on the roadbed of any railroad. The Pennsylvania RR recognized this which is why their mainline was 4-tracks. Two of the tracks were for freight traffic in either direction and the other two were for passenger trains.
One thing that people don't realize is that railroads aren't subsidized by the government. Trucks, airplanes, and busses all have the advantage of highways and airports that were built by government agencies. The railroads had to buy their rights of way, build the line, maintain it, and pay property taxes on it. There is one caveat to this. Back in the mid to late 1800's, during the nation's westward expansion, railroads were given some rights of way to help encourage population growth, but that was a very small percentage of the industry's total.
For what it's worth, passenger trains have never made money. On average, each dollar of revenue cost $1.36 to generate. What helped keep the passenger trains going was the mail contracts from the post office. When the mail switched to airplanes, that's when the passenger trains started to disappear. And the service devolved into what we have today.
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